Executive Clinical Evidence Summary
• More than two decades of peer-reviewed research support electromagnetic pelvic floor stimulation for urinary incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction. • Randomized and sham-controlled trials demonstrate statistically significant improvements versus placebo.
• Objective urodynamic outcomes include increased urethral closure pressure and inhibition of detrusor overactivity. • Comparative studies show magnetic stimulation achieves neuromuscular activation comparable or superior to electrical stimulation, with improved patient comfort.
Pelvic Floor & Urinary Incontinence — Human Clinical Studies
Galloway NTM et al., 1999 Extracorporeal magnetic therapy for stress urinary incontinence.
Yamanishi T et al., 1999 Effect of functional continuous magnetic stimulation on urethral closure.
Sand P et al., 1999 Factors influencing success with ExMI treatment of mixed urinary incontinence.
Galloway NTM et al., 2000 Update on extracorporeal magnetic innervation therapy.
Fujishiro T et al., 2000 Sacral root magnetic stimulation: placebo-controlled trial.
Yamanishi T et al., 2000 Comparative magnetic vs electrical stimulation on detrusor overactivity.
Goldberg RP & Sand PK, 2000 Electromagnetic pelvic floor stimulation: clinical applications.
Rehabilitation & Neuromuscular Human Studies
Olney RK et al., 1990 Comparison of magnetic and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves.
Laghi F et al., 1996 Magnetic vs electrical phrenic nerve stimulation.
Lin VW et al., 1998 Functional magnetic stimulation restoring cough in tetraplegia.
Polkey MI et al., 1999 Functional magnetic stimulation of abdominal muscles.
Lin VW et al., 2001 Functional magnetic stimulation of the colon. [link] View source
Magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation to detect diaphragmatic fatigue.
Mechanistic, Cellular & Animal Studies
Watanabe H et al., 1998 Tissue effects of magnetic coil stimulation.
Dawson TW et al., 1998 Magnetic vs electric field induction.
Yamanishi T et al., 1999 Magnetic inhibition of bladder contraction.
Battocletti JH et al., 2000 Pulsed magnetic fields and axon outgrowth.
Hausmann A et al., 2001 c-fos induction via magnetic stimulation.
Liboff AR & Jenrow KA, 2002 Physical mechanisms of neuro-electromagnetic therapies.
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Important Notice & Disclaimer
This document is provided for educational, informational, and professional review purposes only. It summarizes published research related to electromagnetic pelvic floor stimulation and associated neuromuscular applications. This material does not constitute medical advice and does not replace independent clinical judgment. Healthcare providers must comply with all applicable regulatory and professional requirements. This appendix is intended for scientific reference, provider education, and professional evaluation.
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